Geography of Jamaica

Jamaica is an island nation in the West Indies located in the Caribbean Sea. It is south of Cuba and for comparison, it is just under the size of Connecticut. Jamaica is 145 miles (234 km) long and 50 miles (80 km) wide at its widest point. Today, the country is a popular tourist destination and it has a native population of 2.8 million people. Fast Facts: Jamaica Capital: KingstonPopulation: 2,812,090 (2018)Official Language: English  Currency: Jamaican dollar (JMD)Form of Government: Parliamentary democracy under a constitutional monarchy; a commonwealth realmClimate: Tropical; hot, humid; temperate interiorTotal Area: 4,244 square miles (10,991 square kilometers)Highest Point: Blue Mountain Peak at 7,401 feet (2,256 meters)  Lowest Point: Caribbean Sea at 0 feet (0 meters) History of Jamaica The first inhabitants of Jamaica were the Arawaks from South America. In 1494, Christopher Columbus was the first European to reach and explore the island. Beginning in 1510, Spain began to inhabit the area and by that time, the Arawaks began to die off due to disease and war that came with the European settlers.In 1655, the British arrived in Jamaica and took the island from Spain. Shortly thereafter in 1670, Britain took full formal control of Jamaica. Throughout most of its history, Jamaica was known for its sugar production. In the late 1930s, Jamaica began to gain its independence from Britain and it had its first local elections in 1944. In 1962, Jamaica gained full independence but still remains a member of the British Commonwealth. Following its independence, Jamaicas economy began to grow but in the 1980s, it was hit by a severe recession. Shortly thereafter, however, its economy began to grow and tourism became a popular industry. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, drug trafficking and the related violence became a problem in Jamaica. Today, Jamaicas economy is still based largely on tourism and the related service sector and it has recently held various free democratic elections. For example, in 2006 Jamaica elected its first female Prime Minister, Portia Simpson Miller.​ Government of Jamaica Jamaicas government is considered a constitutional parliamentary democracy and a Commonwealth realm. It has an executive branch with Queen Elizabeth II as chief of state and a local position of head of state. Jamaica also has a legislative branch with a bicameral Parliament consisting of the Senate and House of Representatives. Jamaicas judicial branch is made up of a Supreme Court, Court of Appeal, Privy Council in the U.K., and the Caribbean Court of Justice. Jamaica is divided  in 14 parishes for local administration. Economy and Land Use in Jamaica Since tourism is a large part of Jamaicas economy, services and the related industries represent a significant portion of the countrys overall economy. Tourism revenues alone account for 20% of Jamaicas gross domestic product. Other industries in Jamaica include bauxite/alumina, agricultural processing, light manufacturing, rum, cement, metal, paper, chemical products, and telecommunications. Agriculture is also a big part of Jamaicas economy and its biggest products are sugarcane, bananas, coffee, citrus, yams, ackees, vegetables, poultry, goats, milk, crustaceans, and mollusks. Unemployment is high in Jamaica and as a result, the country has high crime rates and violence related to drug trafficking. Geography of Jamaica Jamaica has a varied topography with rugged mountains, some of which are volcanic, and narrow valleys and a coastal plain. It is located 90 miles (145 km) south of Cuba and 100 miles (161 km) west of Haiti. The climate of Jamaica is tropical and hot and humid on its coast and temperate inland. Kingston, Jamaicas capital has an average July high temperature of 90 degrees (32 °C) and a January average low of 66 degrees (19 °C). Sources Central Intelligence Agency.  CIA - The World Factbook - Jamaica.Infoplease.  Jamaica: History, Geography, Government, and Culture - Infoplease.com.United States Department of State.  Jamaica.

Character Traits of Odysseus of Homers Odyssey - 553 Words

â€Å" Sing in me, Muse, and through me tell the story of that man skilled in all ways of contending, the wanderer, harried for years on end, after he plundered the stronghold on the proud height of Troy.† (Homer page 751 lines: 0-4) That was an opening prayer from The Odyssey. The Odyssey is about a 20 year-long travel of a man named Odysseus. He traveled to Troy facing the dangers on many mythical creatures and many fictional creatures. This king of Ithaca, left his beloved wife, Penelope, and his son, Telemachus, that he has not seen since his son was a young child. Odysseus expresses his traits, that helps him survive the obstacles he faces. Odysseus’ traits are bravery, curiosity, and intelligence. Throughout the many traits Odysseus has, his bravery is the most outstanding. Odysseus shows his bravery in the quote, â€Å"We lit a fire, burnt an offering, and took some cheese to eat, then sat in silence around the embers, waiting.† (Homer page 760 lines: 21 9-221) Odysseus was waiting for the cyclops. His bravery was shown when he broke into the cyclops home, took the cyclops food, and sat there and waited for him. Usually when you break into someones home you do not give them an offering and take their stuff for them to find. In the next quote Odysseus shows even more bravery to go home and not fear the consequences if someone recognizes him. â€Å"... Odysseus, in his beggar disguise, finds his way to the heat of Eumclaus, his old and trusty swineherd.† (Homer pageShow MoreRelated The Role of Women in the Odyssey Essay1212 Words   |  5 PagesWomen in The Odyssey Homer wrote the classic epic The Odyssey more than 2,500 years ago. At that time in ancient Greek society, as well as in the whole of the ancient world, the dominant role was played by men. Society was organized, directed, and controlled by men, and it was accepted that women occupied a subservient and inferior position. Women, of course, were valued, but were expected to possess certain traits and perform certain tasks that men demanded of them. Does Homers writing in TheRead More Women of the Odyssey Essays1488 Words   |  6 Pages The Women of the Odyssey   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many people regard Homer’s epics as war stories—stories about men; those people often overlook the important roles that women play in the Odyssey. While there are not many female characters in the Odyssey, the few that there are, play pivotal roles in the story and one can gain a lot of insight by analyzing how those women are portrayed. Homer portrays the females in contradictory ways: the characters of Athena and Eurykleia are given strong, admirable roles whileRead MoreThe Birth of the Gods in Homers Odyssey1548 Words   |  7 PagesThe Odyssey   Ã‚  Ã‚   Prehistoric man did not question his existence and reality - he just lived as one with nature. When prehistoric man awakened from this simple existence into the world of intelligence, he began to question his existence and reality. Homer’s The Odyssey demonstrated man’s attempt to cope with their own nature through the illusion of the gods, by using them to carry their burdens of hopelessness, helplessness, and fallibility.   Ã‚  Ã‚   The characters of Homer’s The Odyssey struggledRead More Essay on the Double Meanings of The Odyssey995 Words   |  4 PagesThe Double Meanings of The Odyssey      Ã‚     Throughout Homers The Odyssey, there are a number of tangible symbols that are used to represent abstract ideas. I would like to suggest that each symbol that Homer uses within The Odyssey has two clear meanings. The double meanings of these symbols are used to represent Odysseus and Telemachus as they strive to meet each other. While each symbol has a meaning that represents the growth of Telemachus, each one also represents, by another meaning, theRead More Use of Epithets In Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey Essay774 Words   |  4 PagesUse of Epithets In Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey Throughout The Iliad and The Odyssey, Homer’s use of the epithet in describing Odysseus becomes essential as a means of characterizing the hero. Homer uses several epithets, or nicknames, along with the name â€Å"Odysseus† as the story unfolds in both tales. Three of these include the descriptive epithet â€Å"wily Odysseus,† the laudative epithet â€Å"Odysseus, the great tactician,† and the patronymic epithet â€Å"Odysseus Laertiades.† Besides their obviousRead MoreHomer s Epic Poems, The Iliad And The Odyssey1254 Words   |  6 Pagesaction by presenting multiple struggles that our characters must go through. Homer’s epic poems, The Iliad and The Odyssey, are thousands of years old. Yet, whoever reads these pieces of literature today can somehow relate to its characters and events. This is because of the author’s ability to form a connection between the reader and what it is they are analyzing/reading. This paper will id entify the values, conflicts, and parallels within Homer’s text. Religion was a strong value for the earlyRead MoreReligion As A Strong Value For The Early Greek Society Essay1035 Words   |  5 Pagesmortal committed hubris against them then they would be struck down. Often, Greeks would ask for favors from their Gods. This means that the relationship between the Greeks and their Deities would be one of give and take. We see this relationship in Homer’s works, particularly The Iliad. For example, a priest of Apollo, Chryse, claims that if Apollo has ever been pleased by Chryse’s acts of worship then the God should strike down the Danaans in return (Iliad.1.36-42). This shows the reader that if aRead MoreThe Epic Of Homer s Odyssey1433 Words   |  6 PagesHomer’s Odyssey makes use of its epic qualities to narrate the lives of three men. The tale begins with Telemachus, a young prince who leaves his homeland to learn about his father and about himself at the same time. Through the use of this initial event, Homer creates a chronological structure that is further observed through the introduction of the story’s main character, Odysseus, the king of Ithaca and the father of Telemachus. Both father and son long to see each other after a decade of separationRead MoreJulius Caesar and The Odyssey Comparative Essay700 Words   |  3 PagesJulius Caesar and The Odyssey Comparative Essay Throughout William Shakespeare’s play Julius Caesar and Homer’s epic poem The Odyssey, loyalty is strongly presented as a major motif. In both texts, loyalty is highly valued as one of the most important traits to a person’s character. Not only do the loyal characters receive better fates, but those who are not loyal are punished for the actions, usually through revenge. In Julius Caesar, the characters that remained loyal to Caesar are the few whoRead MoreHomer s Odyssey : The Odyssey1236 Words   |  5 PagesOdysseus is arguably one of the most admirable classical heroes in all world literary masterpieces. However, although he expresses the commendable traits of manliness, conduct, and intelligence, there are also numerous faults in this round character— most notable being his excessive pride. Many of his praiseworthy qualities also prove to work against him at times, and extend his journey in The Odyssey by several years. Homer constructs Odysseus by attributing both godly and human characteristics

To What Extent Did The Fugitive Slaves Acts Impacted Slavery

Internal Assessment Elimary Perez Fxb096 To what extent did the Fugitive Slaves Acts have an effect on slavery in the United States of America? Table of Contents A) Plan of Investigation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Pg.1 B) Summary of Evidence†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Pg.2-4 C) Evaluation of Sources†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. D) Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. E) Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Plan of Investigation This investigation will assess to what extent did the Fugitive Slaves Acts impacted slavery in America. This will primarily focus on how the acts were executed and what havocs arose from them. The laws brought controversy amongst the Northern and Southern States which includes how the Northern States, which were the Free states, reacted to the acts. The investigation will consist of an abolitionist’s argument against the acts. It will also include the basics of the Fugitive Slaves Acts and as to what their intentions were. Most of the evidence will be provided by historical summaries. This will also include a primary resource from abolitionist William Lloyd George. Word: 108 Summary of Evidence 2.1) Purpose and Execution of the Fugitive Slaves Acts The first set of the Fugitive Slaves Acts was enacted in 1793. This act called for the capturing and returning of fugitive slaves. With it came the permission of slave holders to invade the Northern States to capture escapees (FSA) 1. Even though the FugitiveShow MoreRelatedHow Did the Constitution Guard Against Tyranny5601 Words   |  23 Pagesaddresses you. I do but quote from one of those speeches when I declare that I have no purpose, directly or -Antithesis indirectly, to interfere with the institution of slavery in the States where it exists. I believe I have no -Parallelism lawful right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. Those who nominated and elected me did so with full knowledge that I had made this and many similar declarations and had never recanted them; and more than this, they placed in the platform for my acceptanceRead MoreAmerican Revolution and Study Guide Essay example5377 Words   |  22 PagesChapter 2 Study Guide Questions â€Å"The Planting of English America† 1. Discuss English treatment of the Irish and its consequence (10pts) 2. What lessons do you think English colonists learned from their early Jamestown experience? Focus on matters of fulfilling expectations, financial support, leadership skills, and relations with the Indians. What specific developments illustrate that the English living in the plantation colonies tried to apply these lessons? (25 pts) 2. Compare and contrastRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 PagesPerspectives John McAuley, Joanne Duberley and Phil Johnson . This book is, to my knowledge, the most comprehensive and reliable guide to organisational theory currently available. What is needed is a text that will give a good idea of the breadth and complexity of this important subject, and this is precisely what McAuley, Duberley and Johnson have provided. They have done some sterling service in bringing together the very diverse strands of work that today qualify as constituting the subject

Existentialism is largely summed up in the quote...

Existentialism is largely summed up in the quote â€Å"existence precedes essence.† Life is devoid of inherent meaning aside from the human existence. Put simply, you are put on earth without any idea of what the meaning of your life is, it is up to you to create meaning for your life and each individual may find a different meaning. What are the main arguments against existentialism? Why does the preservation of life matter to us in a world devoid of meaning? In this essay I will summarize what existentialism is and attempt to provide an argument against it. The philosopher Sartre once said â€Å"existence precedes essence†. This quote sums up the belief that we are born into the world with no real purpose and that it is the goal of our life to†¦show more content†¦The purpose of will is therefore to achieve greater freedom than it has at any given time by controlling its environment to the extent that it can to satisfy its own desires. In the existential world the purpose of free will is for us to find meaning for our life. Throughout our lives we strive for meaning. I believe that the meaning of life is to carry on existence. Summed up by John Lach in a quote from his book In Love with Life: Reflections on the Joy of Living and Why We Hate to Die: â€Å"When the time comes [to die], we must surround ourselves with life. In a bustling hospital or a loving home, let everyone get on with their [sic] activities. To die in the midst of energy is not to die at all, but to transfer ones life and hopes to those who carry on. The continuity of our lives and our personalities makes the death of any one individual an event of little moment: the great celebration of existence goes on.† (p. 123) Many believe that the meaning of life is to strive for a purpose. Why must there be a purpose to life? We could view our existence as the result of evolution and ignore theological explanations. If there is a purpose to life, why must it be to take morally good actions? Why not simply pursue your own pleasures, wherever you find them, because it feels nice? Morality is how best to interact with other conscious creatures whom you could harm or help. While its all well and noble for you to make the pleasure of others your own purpose in life,

Eminent Short Story

Question: Discuss about the Eminent Short Story. Answer: Introsuction: The author James Joyce in Araby, sums up the essence of the story in the very last line of the eminent short story. In the story, the young protagonist feels disgusted with the regular, drab life he leads in North Richmond Street, and thus fantasizes about going to the exotic fair held at Araby Bazar. Just like any innocent child, the boy is not experienced enough to comprehend the reality of life. The very word Araby conjures up a sense of an exotic land, that overwhelms him with the romantic thought of witnessing the ultimate beauty of life. Despite being confronted with various impediments, as the boy reaches Araby, he discovers the place to be as grossly materialistic a place as his home town. The boy is suddenly brought to awareness when he realizes how vainly he has been searching for the ultimate bliss in a world where fantasy is not even a mere possibility. The frivolous conversation over money, the closed stalls and the sound of coins make the boy understand the stark difference between illusion and reality. At the thought of how the boy has been seized by a fit of vanity, tries to escape his home, only to find himself in an equally dull and drab world instantly disgusted and disheartened the protagonist narrator. Though the protagonist managed to gain wisdom and experience, the incident was indeed a source of disappointment and terrible shock for a child who still believed in magic, dreams and fantasies (Stone, 2013). The dream of witnessing the ultimate beauty of a world got immediately shattered before his eyes, while the child stood dumbfounded in the fair. As an innocent child, unaware of the presence of an experienced world, the protagonist kept of having faith in spiritually elevated love or an exquisite world, that could assure him of a greater and more ultimate truth worth chasing for. However, as soon as the child visited the fair, his innocence was robbed, while he felt a sharp, stifling pain to encounter the gross reality of life. Though the experience was otherwise enlightening for the boy, he could not appreciate the wisdom attained at the expense of his long-cherished dream. The protagonist disgusted and agitated with the stark reality of the gross world, finds himself stuck in a dark world, deserted by hope (Yuan Hong, 2016). Reflection: The short story Araby is one of the most admirable short stories that best sums up the essence of life and human existence. The most impressive part of the story lies in the fact that it helps in explaining the paradox of illusion and reality. The journey of an innocent boy from innocence to experience and wisdom has been depicted in a simple and yet highly impressive way. The faith in the existence of a fantastic world, and the shattering of a dream have been brilliantly portrayed with the help of a short, simple story. Reference List: Stone, H. (2013). Araby and the Writings of James Joyce.The Antioch Review,71(2), 348-380. Yuan, S. H. E. N., Hong, D. O. N. G. (2016). The Modernistic Features in Joyces Dubliners.Studies in Literature and Language,12(2), 28-32.

International Management Singapore Airlines

Question: Discuss about theInternational Managementfor Singapore Airlines. Answer: Introduction Singapore Airlines is the flag carrier of Singapore. It has a hub at Singapore Changi Airport. It is considered as the national symbol and icon. It was founded in the year of 1947 and commenced operation on 1st October 1972 (Singaporeair, 2016). There are more than 60 destinations in which the company provides Airlines service. The revenue of the company is $ 15 billion (Fu et al., 2012). It has been fund that there are more than 24,350 employees working in the company. The company has various subsidies related with airlines. The SIA Engineering Company is handling repair, overhaul and maintenance across more than 9 countries (Singaporeair, 2016). The company has 27 joint ventures. It includes Singapore Airlines Cargo, Roll-Royce and Boeing. Singapore Airlines has launched Airbus A380 for customers, which is the largest passenger carrying aircraft (Singaporeair, 2016). It is ranked 15th globally in terms of revenue passengers kilometers. In the year of 2010, Singapore Airlines is ter med as the second largest airlines worth 14 billion US dollars (Singaporeair, 2016). It has been found that majority of the company share is owned by Singapore government investment and holding company Temasek Holding (56%) (Oum Yu, 2012). The company emphasizes on improving its brand reputation by promoting the female flight attendants known as Singapore Girls. In this section, a PESTEL analysis of the company has been provided, to analyze how the factors such as political, economic, social, technical, legal and environmental factors have affected the company. Political: It has been found that the National Political Frameworks have major impact on the business operation of the airline industry of Singapore. It refers to the government policies or the degree of intervention in the economy (Oum Yu, 2012). As Singapore Airlines is carrying the national flag, the government of Singapore has supported the company significantly (both financially and legally). However, there are still many barriers that the company has to face outside Singapore. For example, Singapore Airlines has withdrawn its bid for the stake of Air India (Heracleous Wirtz, 2012). It caused a heavy blow to the privatization program taken by Indian government. It is one of the major political barriers that the company has to face outside Singapore. Economic: Fu et al. (2012) mentioned that economic factors include various factors such as change of taxation rate, interest rate, inflation, economic growth and exchanges. It has been found that slight changes in all these factors can cause huge change in a business operation of a company. For example, it had been found that the company Singapore Airlines had tried to buy 24% stake of the China Eastern Airlines for approximately 7 billion Hong Kong dollars. However, this contract appeared in trouble when majority of the shareholders had criticized this deal as unfair one (Foltran et al., 2012). Social: According to Meltzer (2012), changes in the social environment and trends can affect the demand of a product and availability. It also can affect the willingness of individuals to work within a company. It has been analyzed that travelling to faraway or tropical location has long being the provision of wealthy society. However, due to the increase of disposable income during 1980s has enabled the types of travel that was out of reach previously for the middle class family. Aaker and Joachimsthaler (2012) mentioned that presently the customer preference has shifted from premium types of airline to low cost carriers. For this reason, the company has shifted its attention to increase share in low cost carriers of Southeast Asia in spite of the lack of profit (Tsai et al., 2012). Technical: Heracleous and Wirtz (2012) mentioned that, in the saturated market like haul passenger air travel, technical innovation has played an important role in the market competition. In order to increase the sales, Singapore Airlines has increased investment in Research and Development (RD). It helps the company to develop new fleets and cabin products that can improve comfort level of customers. Hall and Page (2012) stated that these carriers are the youngest fleets. They also have adopted new innovations like reclining seats, headsets and seatback entertainment system (Tsai et al., 2012). All these technical innovations have helped the company to increase customer satisfaction and brand image of the company. Legal: According to Daft and Albers (2012), change in the regulatory framework has also affected the business operation of airlines industry especially the national carriers. Different government brings different types of political outlooks and strategies that have significantly affected the airlines business. For example, due terrorist attacks, in the year of 2001, significant regulatory changes had occurred that had changed the customer screening process adopted by Singapore Airlines (Merkert Morrell, 2012). Environmental: Hall and Page (2012) mentioned that, in recent years airline passengers have become more concern about the environment friendly services. Daft and Albers (2012) stated that, this trend will grow more in future due to the national target of carbon reduction and increase of the price of energy. It has been found that most of the major global airline industries have started to take care of the green issues. They have combined their Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) policies with their marketing plans. However, it has been found that so far Singapore Airlines is responding slowly to the eco-friendly demands of customers. In this section a Porter's Five Forces analysis for Singapore Airlines has been undertaken. It helps to understand the condition of company's competitive environment. In the year of 1985, Michael Porter had identified five factors that have impact on the performance of a company. They are such as threat of new entrants, threat of product substitution, bargaining power of suppliers, bargaining power of consumers and intensity of competitive rivalry. Threat of new entrants (low): It has been found that the long haul passenger airline is highly dominated by the Singapore Airlines. In addition, Jones (2012) mentioned that the long haul passenger airline industry is highly saturated with one or two national carriers that represent every economy. They receive fair amount of support from the national government bodies. Pearson and Merkert (2014) mentioned that congestion in the skyways is the major evidence of long haul passenger airline market saturation. For this reason it can be stated that the threat of new entrants in the long haul passenger airline is relatively low. However, the picture is slightly different in short haul passenger airline. There are several new entrants have been witnessed in recent years. For example in the Southeast Asian market where Singapore Airlines operates, Jest Star and Air Asia have entered as new competitors. Threat of product substitution (moderate): Before discussing this point, it is required to mention that the threat of service substitution is distinct for long haul and short haul airlines. In case of short haul airlines industry, the chance of service substitution is moderate. For example, availability of high speed trains in Eurasia has affected the short haul airline business significantly (Lin, 2012). Bargaining power of suppliers (High): Unlike the transportation industry, the suppliers of the airline industry have better position in the bargaining. Jones (2012) mentioned that, duopoly exists in the field of supply of Airline industry (Boeing and Airbus). On the other hand, oligopoly exists in the supply of engine (Rolls Royce, Pratt, Whitney and General Electric). As there are only few suppliers exist, they have the capability set price and delivery time in accordance to their needs. Bargaining power of consumers (moderate): It has been found that, in the airline industry the bargaining power of customers are moderate. Teo and Chang (2012) stated that the switching cost in the airline industry is considered as very low. According to Aaker and Joachimsthaler (2012), the declination of travel agents and high street airline offices and proliferation of the internet has decreased the switching cost for customers in recent years. The Singapore airline has tried to increase the switching cost for the customers by initiating different loyalty schemes. The company has developed these strategies along or conjunction with one or two strategic partners. They always encourage customers to remain loyal to their company as regular usage of service can help them to get points or air miles. These points can be exchanged for free flights or discount on flights. Intensity of competitive rivalry (high): There is an intense rivalry can be witnessed in the airline industry. Teo and Chang (2012) argued that, in airline industry, rivalry differs from route to route. For example routes like New York to London or Paris to London are well served by various airlines. In order to capture majority of the market share, airline companies have to adopt price reduction strategy. In addition, they have to make sure that quality of service still remains high. Lin (2012) mentioned that lack of punctuality in well served airlines routs can have adverse impact on the Airlines business operation. However, in recent years, Singapore airline has shown an exceptional performance and captures the Kangaroo Route (Cabon et al., 2012). In this section four strategic recommendations have been provided to the Company depending on the PESTLE analysis and Porters five force analysis. They are discussed below: Improvement of security system: It has been found that, the increased number terrorist attacks have increased the concern of customers about security system available system. For this reason, new regulations and policies have been developed by governments to improve airport security system. Hence, Singapore Airlines has to change the screening strategy used to scan the customers. Adoption of environmental friendly strategies: In recent years airline passengers have become more concern about the environment friendly services. It has also been found that, this trend will grow more in future due to the national target of carbon reduction and increase of the price of energy. It has been found that the Singapore airline is not much concerned about the environmental issues. No strategy has been adopted by the company to take care of the environmental issues like carbon foot print reduction. It can affect the business performance of the company in future. Hence, the company has to start to take care of the green issues immediately. The company has to combine its Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) policies with its marketing plans. Emphasis on short haul airlines: It has been found that, in recent years the cost of traveling in airlines has been reducing. People are inclining more towards short haul airline. For this reason, in recent years, Singapore Airline has started to increase focus on short haul airline. However the competitive rivalry in this industry is higher than log haul airline. For example in the Southeast Asian market where Singapore Airlines operates, Jest Star and Air Asia have entered as new competitors. In addition, availability of high speed trains in the Eurasia has increased the chance of service substitution in short haul airline. For this reason, the company needs to adopt modern technologies to gain advantage in the competitive market. The company needs to cut down the cost of service while maintaining the service quality, in order to increase switching cost for customers. Providing better service continuously: The Company has successfully developed its reputation as one of the most successful airlines all over the world. In order to stay successful in this business, the company has to keep on providing best quality service to customers. For example, the company can install new space bed with 50 aircraft. In conclusion it can be mentioned that this easy is all about analyzing the present business condition of the company Singapore airline. The company was founded in the year of 1947 and commenced operation on 1st October 1972. There are more than 60 destinations in which the company provides Airlines service. It has been fund that there are more than 24,350 employees working in the company at present. The company is recognized as the second largest airline in term of revenue passengers kilometers travelled. As the company is the national flag carrier of Singapore, it acquires ample support from the government. However the company has to face various economic, political and environmental issues in recent years. It has been found that factors such as change of taxation rate, interest rate, inflation, economic growth and exchanges have affected the business operation of Singapore Airline. Different government brings different types of political outlooks and strategies that have significa ntly affected the airlines business. In addition, the increased amount of terrorist attacks has affected the business performance of the company in recent years. For this reason, The Company has to increase effort on research and development. All the issues have been identified with the help of PESTLE analysis and Porters five force analysis. Depending on the issues found form these analyses, some recommendations also have been provided to the company for future improvement. Reference List Aaker, D. A., Joachimsthaler, E. (2012).Brand leadership. Simon and Schuster. Cabon, P., Deharvengt, S., Grau, J. Y., Maille, N., Berechet, I., Mollard, R. (2012). Research and guidelines for implementing Fatigue Risk Management Systems for the French regional airlines.Accident Analysis Prevention,45, 41-44. Daft, J., Albers, S. (2012). A profitability analysis of low-cost long-haul flight operations.Journal of Air Transport Management,19, 49-54. Foltran, F., Ballali, S., Passali, F. M., Kern, E., Morra, B., Passali, G. C., ... Gregori, D. (2012). Foreign bodies in the airways: a meta-analysis of published papers.International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology,76, S12-S19. Fu, X., Zhang, A., Lei, Z. (2012). Will Chinas airline industry survive the entry of high-speed rail?.Research in Transportation Economics,35(1), 13-25. Hall, C. M., Page, S. (2012).Tourism in south and southeast Asia. Routledge. Heracleous, L., Wirtz, J. (2012). Strategy and organisation at Singapore Airlines: achieving sustainable advantage through dual strategy. InEnergy, Transport, the Environment(pp. 479-493). Springer London. Jones, P. (2012).Flight catering. Routledge. Lin, W. C. (2012). Financial performance and customer service: An examination using activity-based costing of 38 international airlines.Journal of Air Transport Management,19, 13-15. Meltzer, J. (2012). Climate Change and TradeThe EU Aviation Directive and the WTO.Journal of International Economic Law Merkert, R., Morrell, P. S. (2012). Mergers and acquisitions in aviationManagement and economic perspectives on the size of airlines.Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review,48(4), 853-862. Oum, T. H., Yu, C. (2012).Winning airlines: Productivity and cost competitiveness of the worlds major airlines. Springer Science Business Media. Pearson, J., Merkert, R. (2014). Airlines-within-airlines: a business model moving East.Journal of Air Transport Management,38, 21-26. Singaporeair,. (2016).Welcome to Singapore Airlines | Official Website.Singaporeair.com. Retrieved 26 October 2016, from https://www.singaporeair.com/en_UK/in/home Teo, P., Chang, T. C. (2012). Singapore: tourism development in.Tourism in south and southeast Asia, 117. Tsai, W. H., Lee, K. C., Liu, J. Y., Lin, H. L., Chou, Y. W., Lin, S. J. (2012). A mixed activity-based costing decision model for green airline fleet planning under the constraints of the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme.Energy,39(1), 218-226.